⚖️Indian Polity

Maps to: Constitutional Development of India

• Regulating Act 1773
• Pitt's India Act 1784
• Charter Acts (1793-1853)
• GOI Acts 1858, 1909, 1919, 1935
• Indian Independence Act 1947
• Cabinet Mission, Simon Commission, Cripps Mission

Maps to: Making of the Indian Constitution

• Demand for Constituent Assembly
• Composition & elections
• Drafting Committee (B.R. Ambedkar)
• Timeline 1946-1949
• Enforcement 26 Jan 1950

Maps to: Sources of the Indian Constitution

• Borrowed features: UK, USA, USSR, Ireland, Australia, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, South Africa
• Features from GOI Act 1935

Maps to: Features of the Indian Constitution

• Lengthiest written constitution
• Drawn from various sources
• Blend of rigidity & flexibility
• Federal with unitary bias
• Parliamentary government
• FR, FD, DPSP
• Secular & socialist
• Independent judiciary

Maps to: Preamble

• Components: sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic
• Justice, liberty, equality, fraternity
• 42nd & 44th amendments
• Berubari Union & Kesavananda Bharati cases

Maps to: The Union & its Territory

• Article 1 (India/Bharat as Union of States)
• Article 2 (admission of new states)
• Article 3 (formation/alteration of states)
• States Reorganization Act 1956

Maps to: Fundamental Rights

• Right to Equality (14-18)
• Right to Freedom (19-22)
• Right against Exploitation (23-24)
• Right to Freedom of Religion (25-28)
• Cultural & Educational Rights (29-30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (32)

Maps to: Directive Principles Of State Policy

• Classification: Socialist, Gandhian, Liberal-Intellectual
• Important articles
• FR vs DPSP distinction
• Conflict & harmonization

Maps to: Fundamental Duties

• Swaran Singh Committee
• 42nd Amendment (added Part IV-A)
• 11 duties
• 86th amendment (education)

Maps to: Union

• President: election, qualifications, impeachment, powers
• Vice President
• Prime Minister & Council of Ministers
• Attorney General

Maps to: Union

• Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha
• Officers (Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Chairman)
• Parliamentary procedures & sessions
• Types of bills & law-making
• Parliamentary committees
• Anti-defection law

Maps to: State

• Governor: appointment, powers, ordinance
• Chief Minister & Council of Ministers
• Advocate General
• State Legislature: Vidhan Sabha & Vidhan Parishad

Maps to: Judiciary

• Supreme Court: composition & jurisdiction
• High Courts & Subordinate Courts
• Judicial review & activism, PIL
• Collegium system & NJAC
• Independence of judiciary

Maps to: Centre State Relations

• Legislative relations (Schedule 7)
• Administrative relations
• Financial relations (Finance Commission, GST Council)
• Inter-State Council & Zonal Councils

Maps to: Emergency

• National Emergency (352)
• President's Rule/State Emergency (356 & 365)
• Financial Emergency (360)
• Effects on FRs & centre-state relations

Maps to: Constitutional Amendment

• Article 368
• Three types: simple majority, special majority, special + state ratification
• Important amendments
• Kesavananda Bharati - Basic Structure doctrine

Maps to: Constitutional Bodies

• Election Commission
• Finance Commission
• UPSC & State PSCs
• CAG
• Attorney General & Advocate General
• NC for SCs, STs, BCs
• GST Council
• Inter-State Council

Maps to: Important Parts, Articles & Schedules

• 12 Schedules & important Parts/Articles
• Panchayati Raj (73rd Amendment)
• Urban Local Govt (74th Amendment)
• Statutory bodies (NHRC, NCW, NCBC, CIC, CVC, Lokpal)
• NITI Aayog

Maps to: New Indian Laws, (BSA, BNS, BNSS) 2023

• BNS 2023 (replaces IPC 1860)
• BNSS 2023 (replaces CrPC 1973)
• BSA 2023 (replaces Indian Evidence Act 1872)
• Key new provisions
• Effective 1 July 2024

Maps to: Miscellaneous

• Writs (Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorari, Prohibition, Quo Warranto)
• Political parties & electoral system
• Election symbols
• Recent polity current affairs